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The Désert de Retz is an Anglo-Chinois or French landscape garden - created on the edge of the forêt de Marly in the commune of Chambourcy, in north-central France. It was created at the end of the 18th century by the aristocrat François Racine de Monville on his estate. This was one of a number of landscape gardens created in France at the time influenced by English examples. The architect Boullée was involved in the creation of both Monville's town houses; it is less likely he had anything to do with le Desert de Retz, although Monville did, for a while, engage as assistant the Architect Francois Barbier until 1780. Monville probably designed many of the features and structures himself or had a strong supervisory role. The garden was notable for the inclusion of between 17 to 20 structures, of which only 10 still survive, mostly referring to classical antiquity. Those buildings included: a summer house (the "colonne brisée", or ruined column), in the form of the base of a shattered column from an imaginary gigantic temple, an ice house in the form of an Egyptian pyramid, an obelisk, a collonaded temple dedicated to Pan, an open air theatre, a ruined Gothic Chapel and a (now-lost) Chinese pavilion. The enormous scale and sublime grandeur of the giant ruined column are remarkable; other architects of the period created designs for structures approaching it (Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Étienne-Louis Boullée, Antoine Laurent Thomas Vaudoyer and Jean-Jacques Lequeu ) but it strongly suggests the influence of the works on paper of Giovanni Battista Piranesi. ==History== In 1774, Monville bought the estate of about from Antoine Joseph Basire. It included an existing house, a formal parterre garden and service quarters. By 1785 he had extended the estate to in size. 1777-78 The Chinese House is constructed 1780 A lawsuit requires Monville to pay Francois Barbier £6,000 for his work as a 'designer'. The records of the suit designates Monville with the designs of the Temple of Pan and the Chinese House while designating Barbier as the originator of the designs of the Temple of Repos, the obelisk and the greenhouses. Barbier is also paid for supervising the construction of the Pyramid Ice House. 1781 The Pyramid Icehouse (Une glacière en forme de pyramide) is completed. On August 5, 1781, Queen Marie Antoinette makes the first of many visits to the Désert. 1782 The Column House is completed. 1785 George-Louis le Rouge, King's Geographer, publishes a series of 24 engravings of the Désert de Retz in Cahier 13 of his twenty-one Cahiers des Jardins Anglo-Chinois. In July 1792, Monville sold the Désert and his two hôtels in Paris to the Englishman Lewis Disney Ffytche and as the property of an English subject these were seized and sold in 1793 on the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition. Monville moves to the Rue Neuve des Mathurins in Paris with his companion Sarah, a young actress. 1793 Monville moves again, to a house in Neuilly. In 1811, Lebigre Beaurepaire bought the Désert, but he did not honour his debts, and the estate was again seized. In 1816 it was sold back to Disney Ffytche after the Bourbon Restoration. Ffytche's grandson Augustus William Hillary took possession in 1824 and sold it in 1827 to a notary of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Maître Alexandre Marie Denis. Denis sold it in 1839 to Jean-François Bayard, a nephew of Eugène Scribe. In 1856, Jean-François Bayard's widow ceded it to Frédéric Passy (1822-1912) and his son Pierre (born on the estate) added a hen farm but in 1936 was forced to sell the estate due to financial difficulties, with the buyer being Georges Courtois. 1936 Courtois buys the property via par a société named Neueberg. When he realised how much work was needed to restore the Désert (now nearly in ruins), the new owner decided not to do so, though the architect Jean-Charles Moreux bemoaned its ruined state. In 1938 it was decided to list the estate and its buildings, which happened on 9 December 1938, resulting in a decree signed on 30 August 1939, and published 25 November 1939. However, the société owning it changed the statutes, forcing the authorities to resume the procedure to have the Désert finally classed as a monument historique, which came with a decree of 9 April 1941, against the owners' wishes. At this period the Chinese House, being constructed of wood began to seriously decay - it has since disappeared. On 8 December 1966, André Malraux, then minister of culture, strongly evoked the estate's state before the ''Assemblée Nationale l’état du domaine'' and had them vote for the law of 30 December 1966, which allowed the Désert to be saved. The main effect of this law was to force a building's owner to pay 50% of the cost of the work. On 31 December 1981, the Worms group bought the Désert and gave it to the ''Société Civile du Désert de Retz''. Since 1992 part of the former estate has been occupied by the Joyenval golf course. A major restoration of the main gardens and several of the structures was undertaken in the 1990s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Désert de Retz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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